An attacker bypasses the security of a card-based system by using
						techniques such as cloning access cards or using brute-force techniques.
						Card-based systems are widespread throughout business, government, and
						supply-chain management. Attacks against card-based systems vary widely
						based on the attackers goals, but commonly include unauthorized reproduction
						of cards, brute-force creation of valid card-values, and attacks against
						systems which read or process card data. Due to the inherent weaknesses of
						card and badge security, high security environments will rarely rely upon
						the card or badge alone as a security mechanism. Common card based systems
						are used for financial transactions, user identification, and access
						control. Cloning attacks involve making an unauthorized copy of a user's
						card while brute-force attacks involve creating new cards with valid values.
						Denial of service attacks against card-based systems involve rendering the
						reader, or the card itself, to become disabled. Such attacks may be useful
						in a fail-closed system for keeping authorized users out of a location while
						a crime is in progress, whereas fail-open systems may grant access, or an
						alarm my fail to trigger, if an attacker disables or damages the card
						authentication device.