An attacker inserts malicious logic into a product or technology via
						flashing the on-board memory with a code-base that contains malicious logic.
						Various attacks exist against the integrity of flash memory, the most direct
						being rootkits coded into the BIOS or chipset of a device. Such attacks are
						very difficult to detect because the malicious code resides outside the
						filesystem or RAM, and in the underlying byte-code that drives the
						processeor. Many devices, such as the recent attacks against digital picture
						frames, contain only a microproceseor and a small amount of solid-state
						memory, rendering these devices ideal for "flash" based malware or malicious
						logic. One of the pernicious characteristics of flash memory based attacks
						is that the malicious code can survive even a total format of the hard-drive
						and reinstallation of the host operatig system. Virtually any device which
						can be integrated into a computer system is susceptible to these attacks.
						Additionally, any peripheral device which interfaces with the computer bus
						could extract or sniff confidential data, even on systems employing
						full-disk encryption. Trojan code placed into a video card's chipset would
						continue to perform its function irrespective of the host operating system,
						and would be invisible to all known antivirus. The threats extend to
						consumer products such as camcorders, digital cameras, or any consumer
						electronic device with an embedded microcontroller.